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{"id":128,"date":"2018-04-21T11:25:00","date_gmt":"2018-04-21T11:25:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archicrewindia.com\/?p=128"},"modified":"2022-06-04T17:43:04","modified_gmt":"2022-06-04T12:13:04","slug":"persian-gardens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archicrewindia.com\/persian-gardens\/","title":{"rendered":"Persian Gardens"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
Persian Gardens :-<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Marked the beginning of\u00a0\u201cModern Garden Architecture\u201d.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Persian Garden Style evolved after the Egyptian Style of gardening.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The Persian garden was an answer to the aridity of the local climate where the high walled garden and the shady trees with its air cooled by streams and fountains, was a simple recipe for paradise.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Pools reflecting the image of the sky and the garden<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The word \u2018paradise\u2019 originally is believed to have meant a hunting park in Persian and it is still a Persian word for garden.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The Persian garden is resolutely formal and is an elaboration of the Egyptian Plan.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022In larger gardens subsidiary canals subdivided the garden..<\/span><\/div>\nFormal and Informal Gardens<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The style or Persian gardens can be both formal and informal. The formal gardens are the type found in front of palaces, and are geometric in their layout. Cyrus\u2019 garden, the\u00a0ChaharBagh, meaning four gardens, consisted of four squares within a square \u2013 a quadripartite ground-plan.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022A example of informal gardens are the family baghs found on the outskirts of major Iranian cities such as Tehran.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The fundamental layout of all Persian architecture is the division of space into four quadrants, a form originating in the Fifth Century B.C. First found in the Parthian constructions of\u00a0 Tchah\u00e2r-tagh, linking the square plan of the Zoroastrian temple to\u00a0 the circular form at the base of the cupola via the use of the architectural device known as the pendentive.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022This\u00a0 four-part archetypal element can be found transposed into other fields of artistic expression<\/span><\/a>as well.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Small jets of water made sounds such that water was heard and seen.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Tall Chenar trees shaded the centre while the edge of the garden was lined with cypress, pine, poplar, date palms, almonds, orange and other fruit trees.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Flowers were sometimes planted<\/span><\/a>along the canals or in the long grass under trees. Tulips, iris, primula, narcissus, evening primrose, violets, carnations and jasmine have been mentioned in literature<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u2022A high surrounding wall.<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n\u2022Straight tile-lined channels of water.<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n\u2022Bubbling fountains.<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n\u2022Trees for shade and fruit.<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n\u2022A Pavilion or gazebo.<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n\u2022Strong emphasis on flowers in beds and pots.<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u2022The garden offers the passer-by a series of spaces ideally suited to solitary meditation, while pleasing the senses.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022 It offers the warmth of the sun and the freshness of its shade, the whispering of breezes in the leaves and the murmur of running water in the channels, the song<\/span><\/a> of birds, the perfume of flowers, the bursts of colour.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The garden can be easily converted into a place of conviviality when the occasion arises, and can accommodate musicians and dancers.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Shalimar Bagh:<\/span><\/b><\/div>\nPlace for musicians and dancers to perform.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The paving tiles on every surface and their pattern provided colour in the garden.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Low hedges line flowerbeds near the gazebo.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The Moghuls made the grandest of these gardens in the 16th\u00a0and 17th\u00a0century in India.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The\u00a0Shalimar Bagh in Kashmir\u00a0shows a similar layout. Shah Jahan built it in 1642. However, these gardens lacked a high compound wall in India.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Persian Garden Architecture was then followed by Italian and French Garden Architecture\u2026<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Mughal gardens<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2022 Built by Mughals According Islamic architecture.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022 Influenced by Persian gardens.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022 The founder of Mughal empire Babur started building gardens ,hefavouritlycalled<\/span><\/a> CHARBAGH.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022 His son didn\u2019t take much interest in gardens. Akbar built few gardens in Delhi.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022 But it was Shah Jahan who enhanced the Mughal architecture and floral design.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Symbiotic relationship between the kinetic water and plants, and the static stonework and the rigid plans.<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2022Formal and symmetrical design.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Mughal gardens would originally have taken advantage of naturally occurring streams flowing from the mountains, channelling<\/span><\/a>the water into canals for pleasure and decoration near to the palaces, in geometric\u00a0 quadrants according To Paradise mentioned in Koran, then flowing on down to irrigate crops in adjacent fields.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The focal point is always an arrangement of canals edged with stone or brick.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Typically, two water channels cross each other, dividing the garden into four quarters.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022A central pool or pavilion marks the centre of the garden.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Water is also used in cascades and fountains, and is appreciated for its air-cooling properties.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Scented flowers, in formal symmetrical beds, were important.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Trees, such as plane and cypress, emphasise the lines and create a background to rose beds bordering the streams<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022 On forts and hillsides, elaborate terraces were constructed.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Paths were usually raised above ground level.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The overall effect is one of complete calm and delight.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Numerological and zodiacal significances- number 8 and 9 were considered auspicious.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Often seen in octagonal pools.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022To replicate paradise on earth, they used running water and a pool to reflect the beauties<\/span><\/a>of sky and garden.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Trees of various sorts, some to provide shade merely, and others to produce fruits; flowers, colourful and\u00a0 sweet-smelling.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Birds to fill the garden with song; the whole cooled by a pleasant breeze.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The local tradition<\/span><\/a>of white fragrant night flowering plants<\/a>was adopted by the Mughals and these were planted near open pavilions and also near residential buildings of the garden.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The complex is set around a large 300-metre square charbagh or Mughal garden.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The garden uses raised pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022A raised marble water tank at the center of the garden, halfway between the tomb and gateway with a reflecting pool on a north-south axis, reflects the image of the mausoleum.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Elsewhere, the garden is laid out with avenues of trees and fountains<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The TajMahal garden is unusual in that the main element, the tomb, is located at the end of the garden.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The use of symmetry and pattern can be seen in the relationship between sunlight and shade, plants and water, and light and dark tones. The effect is that of a Persian rug leading to the entrance of the mausoleum.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation, including abundant roses, daffodils, and fruit trees.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2022NishatBagh<\/span><\/b><\/div>\nis a Mughal garden built on the eastern side of the Dal Lake, close to the Srinagar city.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022\u2018NishatBagh\u2019is a Hindustani word, which means \u201cGarden of Joy,\u201d \u201cGarden of Gladness\u201d and \u201cGarden of Delight\u201d.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Even though the layout of NishatBagh was based on the basic conceptual model of the ChaharBagh, it had to be remodelled to fit the topographic and water source conditions at the site chosen in the Kashmir valley.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022A rectangular layout with east-west length of 548\u00a0metres and width of 338\u00a0metres was adopted.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022NishatBagh as laid out now is a broad cascade of terraces lined with avenues of chinar and cypress trees, which starts from the lakeshore and reaches up to an artificial fa\u00e7ade at the hill end.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Rising from the edge of the Dal Lake, it has 12 terraces representing twelve Zodiacal signs.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022There are, however, some similarities with the Shalimar Bagh, such as the polished stone channel and terraces.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The source of water supply to the two gardens is the same.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Built in an east-west direction, the top terrace has the Zenana garden while the lowest terrace is connected to the Dal Lake.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Water flows down in a cascade from the top to the first terrace at the lake level.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The water flow from one terrace to the next is over stepped stone ramps that provide the sparkle to the flow.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022At all the terraces fountains with pools are provided, along the water channel.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022At channel crossings, benches are provided for people to sit and enjoy the beauty of the garden and the cascading flows and fountain jets.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
The Chinese garden<\/span><\/b><\/div>\nThe Chinese garden, also known as a Chinese classical garden, recreates natural landscapes in miniature.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The style has evolved for more than three thousand years, and includes both the vast gardens of the Chinese emperors and smaller gardens built by scholars, poets, and former government officials.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The classical Chinese garden is enclosed by a wall and has one or more ponds, a rock garden, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022By moving from structure to structure, visitors can view a series of carefully-composed scenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022\u201dBorrowed scenery\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Concealment and surprise.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Multiple functionary.<\/span><\/div>\n\u201cEven though everything [in the garden] is the work of man, it must appear to have been created by heaven\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
The beginnings<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n\u2013 Ji Cheng,\u00a0Yuanye, or The Craft of Gardens\u00a0(1633)<\/span><\/div>\n\u2013The earliest recorded Chinese gardens were created in the valley of the Yellow River, during the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 B.C).<\/span><\/div>\n\u2013These gardens were large enclosed parks where the kings and nobles hunted game, or where fruit and vegetables were grown.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2013There were three types of gardens, namely, you, pu and yuan.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2013You was a royal garden where birds and animals were kept, while pu was a garden for plants. Whereas yuan was a garden enclosed in walls and had a pavilion, a pond and trees in it.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2013Famous garden: Shaqui, or the Dunes of Sand (most famous features of this garden was the Wine Pool and Meat Forest )<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Han Dynasty (206 BC\u2013220 AD)<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n\u2022Under the new Han Dynasty (206 BC \u2013 220 AD) Emperor Wu of Han built a new imperial garden, which combined the features of botanical and zoological gardens, as well as the traditional hunting grounds.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Notable garden was the Garden of General<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022Immense landscape garden with artificial mountains, ravines and forests, filled with rare birds and domesticated wild animals.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Tang Dynasty (618\u2013907), First Golden Age of the Classical Garden<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n\u2022The Emperor Xuanzong built a magnificent imperial garden, the Garden of the Majestic Clear Lake.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022The new gardens, were inspired by classical legends and poems.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022A notable example was the Jante Valley Garden.<\/span><\/div>\n\u2022During the Tang Dynasty, plant cultivation was developed to an advanced level.<\/span><\/div>\n