\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stands adjacent to the Dome of the Rock and align upon it.<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Here probably stood a basilican church of Justinian, with nave and aisles to which double aisles were afterwards added, and this was probably converted into a mosque, enlarged and beautified by Caliph Abd-al- Malik<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Subsequent reconstruction in 780 and 1035 have produced a multi aisled prayer space, in which the central aisle is flanked by Corinthian colonnades of Roman proportions, carrying an arcaded wall complete with triforium and clear story, and terminated by a dome over what, in so church like a structure, it is tempting to call a sanctuary<\/div>\n
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3. THE GREAT MOSQUE, DAMASCUS<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stands on the site of the Roman temple converted into a church by Theodosius and rebuilt in AD 75 into a mosque by Moslems<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is the earliest mosque to survive intact<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The original temple of Damascus stood in a walled temenos ( sacred enclosure )<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 At each corner of its rectangular plan there stood a square tower<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In the Christian era, a church was built within the enclosure, occupying a small part at the centre<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 After the Arab conquest another part of the enclosure was simultaneously used as a mosque<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In 705 the Caliph Al Walid, needing a mosque adequate for the large congregation of his capital, took over the entire temenos<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A dome on a high drum was built over the middle of the central aisle<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This is the first o many examples of the use of superimposed arcades to give a greater height to mosque interior<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Despite the Romano-Byzantine techniques of construction and decoration, the building is designed for Moslem purpose and has a strong Islamic quality<\/div>\n
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4. THE MOSQUE OF THE PROPHET\u2019S HOUSE, MEDINA<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The house of Mohammed was enlarged and rebuilt as a full congregational mosque in 707-709 by Greeks and Egyptian craftsmen augmenting local labour<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The introduction of one of the first two mihrabs has given rise to the suggestion that mihrab may have a Coptic origin<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 It contains the simple tomb of the prophet<\/div>\n
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5. THE GREAT MOSQUE OF MALVIYA, SAMARRA<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Now disaffected, was the largest mosque ever built<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 It was the work of Caliph Al-Mutawakkil who also built the nearby mosque of Abu Dulaf<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 It consists of an immense walled courtyard on a ratio of three to two, 155m x 238 m overall surrounded by four aisles, except on the south where their number was increased to nine<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The internal structure of mud brick piers and pole joisted roof has long been disappeared but the massive brick outer walls remain, buttressed at intervals of 15.2 m by half-round towers<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The dramatic and evocative feature of this building is the enormous helicoidal minaret at the northern end, isolated from the mosque, but on the main axis<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The notion of winding ramp encircling a diminishing tower derives originally from the ziggurats of Mesopotamia<\/div>\n
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6. THE QUBBAT AS \u2013 SULAIBIYA, SAMARRA<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Was constructed over the grave of the Caliph Al-Muntasir<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This is the first known mausoleum\u00a0 of Islamic history<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Was constructed on the orders of the Caliph\u2019s Greek mother on a low hill on the west bank of the Euphrates and aligned upon the Great Mosque<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The grave was set beneath the plastered block structure, whose style set an important precedent for the octagonal tomb structures first popular in Central Asia and spreading thence to India and Turkey<\/div>\n
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7. CITY OF BAGHDAD<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Constructed in 762 onwards a few miles up the Tigris from the decaying Sassanian capital Ctesiphon by the triumphant Caliph Al-Mansur as the capital of the Islamic world<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Circular in the plan, moated and walled, with four great entrances on principal axes<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Its diameter was nearly 2,743 m and a surrounding great wall was almost 18.3 m high<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The palace at the centre was built on intersecting cross axes radiating from the four gates at the cardinal points<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The whole of the centre of the city was given over to the palace, which accommodated the administrative buildings and was crowned by a\u00a0 high green dome to symbolize the capital<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The residential quarters formed a ring immediately inside the great wall<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nothing now survives of the round city, and its character must be deduced from fragmentary descriptions and comparative work at Samarra<\/div>\n
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B. EGYPT AND NORTH AFRICA TO TUNISIA<\/h3>\n1. THE MOSQUE O AL \u2013ASHAR, CAIRO<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is the earliest surviving Fatimid structure<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Converted into a university in AD 988, has an enormous mosque court enclosed by arcades, beyond which is the nine aisled sanctuaries with a hundred antique columns, forming one of the most interesting buildings in Cairo<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A direct sequel to the mosque of Ibn Tulun<\/div>\n
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2. THE MOSQUE OF SULTAN BAYBARS, CAIRO<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Was the first mosque built by a Mamluk Sultan<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 It was of an interesting type, with great iwans fronting its courtyard<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Has only one minaret<\/div>\n
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3. MADRASSAH OF SULTAN SALIH, CAIRO<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is the earliest surviving example and typical collegiate mosque-the madrassah<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Has an indirect entrance to central courtyard on to which face four iwans<\/div>\n
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4. THE MOSQUE OF \u2018AMR, CAIRO<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The most ancient mosque in Egypt<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is said to contain some of the earliest pointed arches in that country<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The open court about 250 ft square with central fountain or ablutions has a single arcade on the entrance front and triple arcades on either side<\/div>\n
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C. SPAIN AND WESTERN NORTH AFRICA<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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1. GREAT MOSQUE, KAIROUAN, TUNISIA<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Founded in the 7th century<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Important for its minaret, the earliest complete surviving example of a structure built for its purpose<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The architectural origin of its minarets can be traced to the square shafted tapering stone church towers o Syria and the preceding Roman towers of the region<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The mosque itself has a near rectangular courtyard, flanked by multi-columned arcades carrying flat roof<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Its incorrect southward orientation reveals its Syrian origin<\/div>\n
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2. THE ALHAMBRA, GRANADA<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A\u00a0 fortified palace with a complex of buildings set in gardens<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Probably the most famous of all Saracenic structure<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gorgeous pleasure palace, in the new Caliphate of the West, of the Caliph Abd al Walid, who built mosques at Jerusalem and Damascus<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Intended to impress the imagination of the conquered country as well as to minister to his enjoyment\u00a0 of the passing hour<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The principal part of the palace consists of two large rectangular courts, one reserved for the use of the sovereign (b) and his entourage and the other for public ceremonial (a)<\/div>\n
a. Court of the Lions<\/div>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is 35.00 m x 20.00 m<\/div>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is surrounded by arcades, in which very slender columns with high dessert blocks carry a perforated arcade structure of stucco, incredibly pierced and interlaced to give it a filigree like delicacy<\/div>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 At the eastern end of the court is the Hall of Justice, while the other halls terminate the cross axes<\/div>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The domed structure covering each of these chambers is elaborated with a remarkable complexity of o stalactite detail, executed with perfect discipline<\/div>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b. Court of the Myrtles<\/div>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 is 42.00 m x 23.00 m<\/div>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 has on its northern termination to its axis the massive tower of Komares, containing the Hall of<\/div>\n