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Introduction:-<\/h2>\n\n\n- Tall buildings cannot be defined in specific terms related to height or number of floors.<\/li>\n
- A structure is considered tall when its structural analyses and design gets affected by the lateral loads <\/b>more than the vertical loads, that increase with an increase in height of the building.<\/li>\n
- Such loads have been overcome by the supporting technologies which have been the primary governing factor in the fast-growing number of tall buildings.<\/li>\n
- To understand the developments of high rises with an increasing pace the structure systems and technological advances made need to be taken an account of.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
BRIEF HISTORY\u2026..Structural Development<\/h2>\n\n- The structural development of tall buildings has been a continuously evolving process.<\/li>\n
- There is a distinct structural history of tall buildings:<\/li>\n
- In the late nineteenth century, early tall building developments were based on economic equations \u2013 increasing rentable area <\/b>by stacking office spaces vertically and maximizing the rents of these offices by introducing as much natural light as possible.<\/li>\n
- Hence new technologies<\/b> were pursued that improved upon the conventional load-bearing masonry walls.<\/li>\n
- The result was the iron\/steel frame structure which minimized the depth and width<\/b> of the structural members at building perimeters.<\/li>\n
- Consequently, the larger openings were filled with transparent glasses, while the iron\/steel structures were clad externally.<\/li>\n
- Different from traditional load-bearing masonry walls, these claddings did not carry any loads from buildings except their own weights <\/b>and the lateral wind pressure.<\/li>\n
- A new cladding concept \u2013 curtain walls <\/b>\u2013 was developed with the emergence of the new structural systems.<\/li>\n
- Thereby a skyscraper height race began, starting from the Park Row Building in New York, which had already reached 30 stories in 1899.<\/li>\n
- This height race culminated with the completion of the 102-story tall Empire State Building in 1931.<\/li>\n
- Even though the heights of these skyscrapers were significantly increased during this period, contrary to intuition, there had not been much conspicuous technological evolution.<\/li>\n
- In terms of structural systems, most tall buildings in the early twentieth century employed steel rigid frames with wind bracing.<\/li>\n
- Their enormous heights at that time were accomplished not through notable technological evolution, but through excessive use of structural materials due to which they were quite over-designed.<\/li>\n
- Structural systems for tall buildings have undergone dramatic changes since the demise of the conventional rigid frames in the 1960s as the predominant type of structural system for steel or concrete tall buildings.<\/li>\n
- The Engineers worked hard to reduce the cost associated with the structure and also the self weights which the building is to carry. The reasons for these reductions are:-<\/li>\n
- Better and more efficient methods for resisting lateral loads.<\/li>\n
- Increased use of welding instead of bolting to reduce 8-15% in the weight of steel etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TALL BUILDINGS<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n- DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS<\/b> ( may vary from place to place but for example:-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 –\u00a0The first area development code to come into force in New York was the so-called \u201czoning law\u201d of 1916, according to which the height of a building must not exceed two-and-a-half times the width of the road running alongside the building.<\/div>\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 –\u00a0The building mass was further limited by the requirement that the floor space index must not exceed twelve times the area of the site.<\/div>\n\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 –\u00a0Among other things, the zoning law stipulated that only the first twelve floors of a building were allowed to occupy the full area of the site and that all subsequent floors must then recede in zoned terraces \u2013 a requirement of major aesthetic significance, for this terraced form still dominates the silhouette of American skyscrapers today.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n- THE BASIC DESIGN CRITERIA\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 –\u00a0The pressure p = force X square of height i.e. the pressure on a 100-story building is 16 times the pressure on a 25-story building.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
- \n
- Tall buildings cannot be defined in specific terms related to height or number of floors.<\/li>\n
- A structure is considered tall when its structural analyses and design gets affected by the lateral loads <\/b>more than the vertical loads, that increase with an increase in height of the building.<\/li>\n
- Such loads have been overcome by the supporting technologies which have been the primary governing factor in the fast-growing number of tall buildings.<\/li>\n
- To understand the developments of high rises with an increasing pace the structure systems and technological advances made need to be taken an account of.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
BRIEF HISTORY\u2026..Structural Development<\/h2>\n
- \n
- The structural development of tall buildings has been a continuously evolving process.<\/li>\n
- There is a distinct structural history of tall buildings:<\/li>\n
- In the late nineteenth century, early tall building developments were based on economic equations \u2013 increasing rentable area <\/b>by stacking office spaces vertically and maximizing the rents of these offices by introducing as much natural light as possible.<\/li>\n
- Hence new technologies<\/b> were pursued that improved upon the conventional load-bearing masonry walls.<\/li>\n
- The result was the iron\/steel frame structure which minimized the depth and width<\/b> of the structural members at building perimeters.<\/li>\n
- Consequently, the larger openings were filled with transparent glasses, while the iron\/steel structures were clad externally.<\/li>\n
- Different from traditional load-bearing masonry walls, these claddings did not carry any loads from buildings except their own weights <\/b>and the lateral wind pressure.<\/li>\n
- A new cladding concept \u2013 curtain walls <\/b>\u2013 was developed with the emergence of the new structural systems.<\/li>\n
- Thereby a skyscraper height race began, starting from the Park Row Building in New York, which had already reached 30 stories in 1899.<\/li>\n
- This height race culminated with the completion of the 102-story tall Empire State Building in 1931.<\/li>\n
- Even though the heights of these skyscrapers were significantly increased during this period, contrary to intuition, there had not been much conspicuous technological evolution.<\/li>\n
- In terms of structural systems, most tall buildings in the early twentieth century employed steel rigid frames with wind bracing.<\/li>\n
- Their enormous heights at that time were accomplished not through notable technological evolution, but through excessive use of structural materials due to which they were quite over-designed.<\/li>\n
- Structural systems for tall buildings have undergone dramatic changes since the demise of the conventional rigid frames in the 1960s as the predominant type of structural system for steel or concrete tall buildings.<\/li>\n
- The Engineers worked hard to reduce the cost associated with the structure and also the self weights which the building is to carry. The reasons for these reductions are:-<\/li>\n
- Better and more efficient methods for resisting lateral loads.<\/li>\n
- Increased use of welding instead of bolting to reduce 8-15% in the weight of steel etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
\nDESIGN CRITERIA FOR TALL BUILDINGS<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
\n\n- \n
- DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS<\/b> ( may vary from place to place but for example:-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 –\u00a0The first area development code to come into force in New York was the so-called \u201czoning law\u201d of 1916, according to which the height of a building must not exceed two-and-a-half times the width of the road running alongside the building.<\/div>\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 –\u00a0The building mass was further limited by the requirement that the floor space index must not exceed twelve times the area of the site.<\/div>\n\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 –\u00a0Among other things, the zoning law stipulated that only the first twelve floors of a building were allowed to occupy the full area of the site and that all subsequent floors must then recede in zoned terraces \u2013 a requirement of major aesthetic significance, for this terraced form still dominates the silhouette of American skyscrapers today.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
- \n
- THE BASIC DESIGN CRITERIA\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 –\u00a0The pressure p = force X square of height i.e. the pressure on a 100-story building is 16 times the pressure on a 25-story building.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
- THE BASIC DESIGN CRITERIA\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
- Hence new technologies<\/b> were pursued that improved upon the conventional load-bearing masonry walls.<\/li>\n